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Stream capture

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Stream capture by headward erosion, leaving a wind gap

Stream capture, river capture, river piracy or stream piracy is a geomorphological phenomenon occurring when a stream or river drainage system or watershed is diverted from its own bed, and flows down to the bed of a neighbouring stream. This can happen for several reasons, including:

The Maumee River basin. The Maumee, flowing north-east, has broken into part of the Wabash River basin, capturing west-flowing streams and reversing their flow direction on entering it.

The additional water flowing down the capturing stream may accelerate erosion and encourage the development of a canyon (gorge).

The now-dry valley of the original stream is known as a wind gap.

Capture mechanisms

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Tectonic uplift

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  • Barmah Choke: About 25,000 years ago, an uplift of the plains near Moama on the Cadell Fault first dammed the Murray River and then forced it to take a new course. The new course dug its way through the so-called Barmah Choke and captured the lower course of the Goulburn River for 500 km (310 mi).
  • Indus-Sutlej-Sarasvati-Yamuna: The Yamuna earlier flowed into the Ghaggar-Hakra River (identified with the Sarasvati River) and later changed its course due to plate tectonics. The Sutlej River flowed into the current channel of the Ghaggar-Hakra River until the 13th century after which it was captured by the Indus River due to plate tectonics.[1]
  • Barrier Range: It was theorised that the original course of the Murray River was to a mouth near Port Pirie where a large delta is still visible protruding into the calm waters of Spencer Gulf. [2] It was suggested that an uplift of the land blocked the river near the southern end of the Flinders Ranges, and the river eventually found its way to a new mouth near Lake Alexandrina. This has since been disproven in favour of findings that ancient Lake Bungunnia overflowed at Swan Reach and the current course is as a result of northward erosion. [3]

Glacial damming

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The River Thames as it passes through the Goring Gap

Headward erosion

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Karst

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Glacier retreat

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The Slims River was previously fed by meltwater from the Kaskawulsh Glacier in the Saint Elias Mountains in the Yukon and its waters flowed into Kluane Lake and on to the Bering Sea. Because of climate change, the glacier has rapidly receded and the meltwater no longer feeds the Slims. The water instead now feeds the Kaskawulsh River which is a tributary to the Alsek River and drains into the Gulf of Alaska.[6][7]

Effect on freshwater life

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River capture is a shaping force in the biogeography or distribution of many freshwater fish species.[8][9]

New Zealand freshwater fish

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Geological uplift in the southern South Island led to the divergence of freshwater galaxiid populations isolated by river capture.[10][11][12]

Australian freshwater fish

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The formerly massive Great Dividing Range runs the length of the eastern coastline of Australia and has isolated native freshwater fish populations east and west of the range for millions of years. In the last two million years erosion has reduced the Great Dividing Range to a critical point where west-to-east river capture events have been possible. A number of native fish species that originated in the Murray–Darling river system to the west are (or were) found naturally occurring in a number of coastal systems spanning almost the entire length of the range.

None of the river capture events that allowed native fish of the Murray-Darling system to cross into and colonise these East Coast river systems seem to have formed permanent linkages. The colonising Murray-Darling fish in these East Coast river systems have therefore become isolated from their parent species, and due to isolation, the founder effect, genetic drift and natural selection, have become separate species (see allopatric speciation).

Examples include:

Olive perchlet (Ambassis agassizii), western carp gudgeon (Hypseleotris klungzingeri), pygmy perch (Nannoperca australis) and Australian smelt (Retropinna semoni) also appear to have made crossings into coastal systems, the last two species seemingly many times as they are found in most or all coastal streams in south eastern Australia as well as the Murray-Darling system.

Unfortunately, with the exception of eastern freshwater cod and Mary River cod, it has not been widely recognised that these coastal populations of Murray–Darling native fish are separate species and their classifications have not been updated to reflect this. Many are threatened and two, the Richmond River cod and the Brisbane River cod, have become extinct.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ K.N. Dikshit, 2013, "Origin of Early Harappan Cultures in the Sarasvati. Valley: Recent Archaeological Evidence and Radiometric Dates", Journal of Indian Ocean Archaeology, pp. 88–
  2. ^ Williams, G.E. and Goode, A.D.T. (1978). "Possible western outlet for an ancient Murray River in South Australia". Search 9: 442–447.
  3. ^ McLaren, S., Wallace, M.W. and Reynolds, T. (2012). "The Late Pleistocene evolution of palaeo megalake Bungunnia, southeastern Australia: A sedimentary record of fluctuating lake dynamics, climate change and the formation of the modern Murray River". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 317–318: 114–127.
  4. ^ Tom L. McKnight; Darrel Hess (2005). "16, 'The Fluvial Processes'". Physical Geography: A Landscape Appreciation (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson, Prentice Hall. p. 462. ISBN 0-13-145139-1.
  5. ^ Stokes, Maya; Goldberg, Samuel; Perron, J. Taylor (2018). "Ongoing River Capture in the Amazon". Geophysical Research Letters. 45 (11): 5545–5552. Bibcode:2018GeoRL..45.5545S. doi:10.1029/2018GL078129. hdl:1721.1/140798.2.
  6. ^ Retreating Yukon glacier makes river disappear, CBC News Posted: Jun 17, 2016
  7. ^ Shugar, Dan, H.; et al. (2017). "River piracy and drainage basin reorganization led by climate-driven glacier retreat". Nature Geoscience. 10 (5): 370–375. Bibcode:2017NatGe..10..370S. doi:10.1038/ngeo2932.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Albert, J. S., & Crampton, W. G. (2010). The geography and ecology of diversification in Neotropical freshwaters. Nature Education Knowledge, 1, 13–19
  9. ^ Albert, J. S., Schoolmaster, D. R., Tagliacollo, V., & Duke-Sylvester, S. M. (2016). Barrier displacement on a neutral landscape: Towards a theory of continental biogeography. Systematic Biology, syw080
  10. ^ Waters, Jonathan M.; Craw, Dave; Youngson, John H.; Wallis, Graham P. (September 2001). "Genes Meet Geology: Fish Phylogeographic Pattern Reflects Ancient, Rather Than Modern, Drainage Connections". Evolution. 55 (9): 1844–1851. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2001.tb00833.x. PMID 11681739.
  11. ^ Craw, Dave; Campbell, Ciaran; Waters, Jonathan M. (8 September 2022). "Miocene-Holocene river drainage evolution in Southland, New Zealand, deduced from fish genetics, detrital gold and geology". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 67: 146–159. doi:10.1080/00288306.2022.2121289.
  12. ^ Campbell, Ciaran S. M.; Dutoit, Ludovic; King, Tania M.; Craw, Dave; Burridge, Christopher P.; Wallis, Graham P.; Waters, Jonathan M. (October 2022). "Genome-wide analysis resolves the radiation of New Zealand's freshwater Galaxias vulgaris complex and reveals a candidate species obscured by mitochondrial capture". Diversity and Distributions. 28 (10): 2255–2267. Bibcode:2022DivDi..28.2255C. doi:10.1111/ddi.13629.